ABSTRACT
RESUMO O fator mais importante na manutenção da saúde periodontal é o adequado controle do biofilme dentário. Face às dificuldades no controle mecânico por parte dos pacientes, métodos alternativos ou complementares têm sido utilizados como coadjuvantes químicos do controle do biofilme, auxiliando no tratamento da gengivite. Dentre esses métodos alternativos, destaca-se a fitoterapia, através da utilização de plantas medicinais. Dessa forma, esse estudo faz uma revisão sistemática tendo como objetivo a busca, na literatura atual, de estudos que comprovem a eficácia de produtos fitoterápicos à base de aroeira no controle do biofilme dental auxiliando no tratamento da gengivite. Foi realizada busca computadorizada nos indexadores MedLine, Lilacs, BBO e Scielo no período de Setembro a Outubro de 2014. Os descritores de pesquisa utilizados foram “biofilme”, “gengivite”, “aroeira”, “plantas medicinais” e “fitoterápicos”, bem como seus correspondentes em língua inglesa. Através dos descritores utilizados, foram encontrados 54 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, chegou-se a 08 artigos: 05 revisões, 01 estudo clínico randomizado, 01 estudo experimental e 01 estudo observacional descritivo. De acordo com os estudos analisados, a aroeira apresentou atividades antifúngica e antimicrobiana eficazes, bem como potencial efeito de redução do índice de sangramento gengival, o que justifica seu uso no tratamento da gengivite.
ABSTRACT The most important factor to keep periodontal health is proper control of biofilm. Given the difficulties in the mechanical control by patients, alternative or complementary methods have been used as chemical supporting of biofilm control, helping the treatment of gingivitis. Among these alternatives, there is the phytotherapy, through the use of medicinal plants. Thus, this study it is a systematic review and aims to seek, in the current literature, researches proving the effectiveness of aroeira herbal products in the control of dental biofilm, assisting in the treatment of gingivitis. A computerized search was conducted in Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and BBO, from September to October of 2014. The search words used were “biofilm”, “gingivitis”, “aroeira”, “herbal medicines” and “phytotherapics” in Portuguese and English language. Through this method, 54 articles were found. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the research reached 08 items: 05 reviews, 01 randomized clinical trial, 01 experimental study and 01 descriptive observational study. According to the analyzed papers, the aroeira demonstrated effective antifungal and antimicrobial activities, as well as a potential reduction impact on gingival bleeding index, which would justify its use in the treatment of gingivitis.
Subject(s)
Anacardiaceae/classification , Gingivitis/physiopathology , Phytotherapy/instrumentation , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Dental Plaque/classificationABSTRACT
We studied infestation rates and parasite-host associations between streblid flies and phyllostomid bats in an Atlantic Forest area of Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. We captured 301 individuals from seven Phyllostomidae bat species. Out of that total, 69 bats had been parasitised by nine Streblidae species; the most frequent species were Trichobius joblingi and Trichobius tiptoni. The species Paraeuctenodes longipes, associated with Anoura geoffroyi, was the most frequent species. The highest mean intensity was observed for Paraeuctenodes longipes, associated with A. geoffroyi, and Paratrichobius longicrus associated with Artibeus lituratus, both ectoparasite species with a mean intensity of five individuals per bat. Trichobius joblingi exhibited the highest mean abundance, which was over three on its host species. Streblid richness in the study area was similar to the richness found in other studies carried out in the Atlantic Forest. We observed that streblid richness in this biome depends more on inherent characteristics of each physiognomy and on the host-species than on the sampling effort.
Estudou-se as taxas de infestação e as associações parasita-hospedeiros de dípteros estreblídeos ectoparasitas de morcegos filostomídeos, em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram capturados 301 indivíduos de sete espécies de morcegos da família Phyllostomidae. Desse total, 69 morcegos encontravam-se parasitados com nove espécies de Streblidae, sendo Trichobius joblingi e Trichobius tiptoni as espécies mais freqüentes do total de estreblídeos coletados. Paraeuctenodes longipes, associada à Anoura geoffroyi foi a espécie mais prevalente. A maior intensidade média foi encontrada para Paraeuctenodes longipes, associada à A. geoffroyi e Paratrichobius longicrus associada à Artibeus lituratus, ambos com cinco ectoparasitas em média por morcego infestado. Trichobius joblingi apresentou a maior abundância média de infestação, que foi superior a três nas espécies de hospedeiros em que foi encontrada. A riqueza de estreblídeos da área de estudo é similar àquela obtida em outros estudos realizados na Mata Atlântica, e verificou-se que a riqueza de estreblídeos nesse bioma depende mais de outras características inerentes a cada fitofisionomia e à espécie hospedeira do que do esforço amostral de coleta.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diptera , Host-Parasite Interactions , Chiroptera/parasitology , BrazilABSTRACT
The retina is a highly differentiated tissue with a complex layered structure that has been extensively characterized. However, most of the previous studies focused on the histology of the central retina while little is known about the cellular composition, organization and function of the marginal retina. Recent research has identified a subpopulation of multipotential progenitor cells in the marginal regions of the retina, closest to the ciliary body ("ciliary marginal zone"). These cells are capable of differentiation in response to an appropriate stimulus. Thus, it is possible that the structure and composition of the marginal retina are distinct from those of the central retina to accommodate the potential addition of newly formed neurons. To characterize the cellular profile of the chick marginal retina, we labeled it immunohistochemically for markers whose staining pattern is well established in the central retina: calbindin, calretinin, protein kinase C, and choline acetyltransferase. Calbindin was present at very low levels in the marginal retina putative photoreceptor layer. Calretinin-positive horizontal cells were also sparse close to the ciliary marginal zone. The bipolar cells in the marginal outer plexiform layer were positive for anti-protein kinase C antibodies, but the density of labeling was also decreased in relation to the central retina. In contrast, the marginal starburst cholinergic amacrine cell pattern was very similar to the central retina. From these data we conclude that the structure of the marginal retina is significantly different from that of the central retina. In particular, the expression of late retina markers in the marginal retina decreased in comparison to the central retina.